{"id":1934,"date":"2026-03-25T10:14:10","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T10:14:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/test-resistance-with-multimeter-article\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T10:14:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T10:14:11","slug":"test-resistance-with-multimeter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/ar\/test-resistance-with-multimeter-article\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 5 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"abstract\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"key-takeaways\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0645\u00bb (\u03a9) \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a COM \u0648 V\u03a9mA.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f&amp;#39.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"table-of-contents\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#the-foundational-principles-of-electrical-resistance\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#step-1-preparing-for-a-safe-and-accurate-measurement\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#step-2-configuring-your-multimeter-for-resistance-testing\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#step-3-performing-the-resistance-test-with-precision\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#step-4-interpreting-the-results-the-art-of-diagnostics\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#step-5-advanced-techniques-and-considerations\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 5: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions-faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQ)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#references\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"the-foundational-principles-of-electrical-resistance\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-is-resistance-an-intuitive-analogy\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 (\u03a9). \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (V) \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (I) \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (R)\u060c \u0623\u0648 V = IR (\u0623\u0648\u0645\u060c 1827). \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"why-measuring-resistance-matters\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u2014 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u062f 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"selecting-the-right-tool-for-the-job\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (DMM) \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 [\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629] \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<table class=\"mce-item-table\" style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 (DMM) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0646 200 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20 \u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0646 200 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 50 \u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0623\u0648\u0645 (\u00b5\u03a9) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0623\u0648\u0645 (G\u03a9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u00b1(0.5% \u0625\u0644\u0649 1.0%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u00b1(0.1% \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.5%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u00b1(0.05% \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 1000 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 600 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (RMS)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 (\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 (HVAC)\u060c \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f (DMM) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a) \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627 (\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644)\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step-2-configuring-your-multimeter-for-resistance-testing\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"setting-the-dial-from-off-to-ohms-\u03c9\">\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633: \u0645\u0646 \u00abOff\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0645 (\u03a9)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643. \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u03a9).<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627:<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627. \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u03a9\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 200\u060c \u06482k\u060c \u064820k\u060c \u0648200k\u060c \u06482M. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 (k = \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0645\u061b M = \u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0645). \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642:<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 (DMM) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u03a9)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"plugging-in-the-probes-a-universal-standard\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>COM (\u0639\u0627\u0645):<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 COM. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u00d7 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u00d7 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647):<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u03a9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u00ab10A\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00abA\u00bb \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f) \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"pre-test-check-testing-the-test-leads\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632. \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u00ab\u03a9\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.1 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u06480.5 \u0623\u0648\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631 \u00abRelative\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00abREL\u00bb (\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647) \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637\u00bb \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step-3-performing-the-resistance-test-with-precision\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"making-solid-contact\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646:<\/strong> \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0643. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"reading-and-stabilizing-the-measurement\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631:<\/strong> \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u00abk\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0645 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 2.7 k\u03a9 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a 2,700 \u03a9). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u00abM\u00bb \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0645 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 1.5 M\u03a9 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a 1,500,000 \u03a9). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u00ab\u03a9\u00bb \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"the-out-of-limit-ol-reading-explained\">\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00ab\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u00bb (OL)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \"OL\" \u0623\u0648 \"1\" \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \"I\"\u061f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \"\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\" \u0623\u0648 \"\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\".<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f 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\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u00ab\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641\u00bb (OFF)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \"OL\" \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 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\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 0 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0643. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"infinite-resistance-ol-the-open-circuit\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (OL): \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb \u0647\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0642 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00abOL\u00bb \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"comparing-to-expected-values-the-core-of-troubleshooting\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629: \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u2014 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 4.7 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0645 \u00ab\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629:<\/strong> \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n<table class=\"mce-item-table\" style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 (\u062c\u064a\u062f)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">~0 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">OL<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0631 (\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0643\/\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">~0 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">OL<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0643\/\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 (\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d (\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">~0 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">OL<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u062e\u0629\/\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d (\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">OL<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">~0 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">OL \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u03a9 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">OL \u0623\u0648 ~0 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"case-study-diagnosing-a-transformer-winding\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631:<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 120 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 8 \u0623\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a):<\/strong> \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f (DMM) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a 200 \u0623\u0648\u0645 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \"OL\".<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629):<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 120 \u0623\u0648\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a 0.2 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a 125 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 120 \u0623\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0641\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/transformer-test-category\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a>. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 KV Hipot Power Equipment Co., Ltd\u060c 2026).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step-5-advanced-techniques-and-considerations\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 5: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/transformer-test-category\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d (\u0645\u062b\u0644 250 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 500 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 1000 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 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(2017). \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629). \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c. <\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a. \u0644. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628.\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0632\u060c \u0645. \u0625. (2016). \u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629). \u0645\u0627\u0643\u063a\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0634\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e). \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642. \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0646\u063a. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2026\u060c \u0645\u0646 <\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u063a\u0641\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (2025). \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629. Hengfengtest. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2026\u060c \u0645\u0646 <\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 KV Hipot Power Equipment Co., Ltd. (2026). \u00ab\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u00bb. KV Hipot. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2026\u060c \u0645\u0646 <\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u060c \u062a. \u0631. (2007). \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u00bb. <\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062c. \u0633. (1827). \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u00bb [Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet]. \u062a. \u0647. \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. <\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u00ab\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e). \u00ab\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u00bb. Voltage-tester.com. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2026\u060c \u0645\u0646 <\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628. \u0628.\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0623. \u0628.\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0645. \u0623. (1994). \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629). \u0645\u0627\u0643\u063a\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648 [...].<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1935,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1934","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-company-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Practical 5-Step Guide: How to Use Multimeter to Test Resistance for Accurate Diagnostics - Run Test<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China transformer test supplier, we provide Relay Protection Test, Resistance test, Circuit Breaker Test, and Partial Discharge Test for you with good price.\" \/>\n<meta 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