{"id":1810,"date":"2025-12-31T08:56:06","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T08:56:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/expert-guide-7-key-factors-for-selecting-three-phase-relay-test-kits-in-2026-article\/"},"modified":"2026-01-20T06:30:21","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T06:30:21","slug":"expert-guide-7-key-factors-for-selecting-three-phase-relay-test-kits-in-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/ar\/expert-guide-7-key-factors-for-selecting-three-phase-relay-test-kits-in-2026-article\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621: 7 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Secondary-Injection-3-Phase-40A-Microcomputer-Protection-Relay-Tester-7.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Secondary-Injection-3-Phase-40A-Microcomputer-Protection-Relay-Tester-7.webp\" data-ll-status=\"loaded\" class=\"entered loaded fr-fic fr-dib\"><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"abstract\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 IEC 61850. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"key-takeaways\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 IEC 61850 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 IEC 61850 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629&#039;\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"table-of-contents\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#understanding-the-heart-of-power-system-protection\">\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-1-output-capability-and-precision\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 1: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-2-functional-versatility-across-relay-generations\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 2: \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-3-the-intelligence-within-software-and-automation\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a - \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-4-built-for-the-field-portability-and-durability\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 4: \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 - \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-5-navigating-the-digital-substation-with-iec-61850-compliance\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 5: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 IEC 61850<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-6-uncompromised-safety-and-certification\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 6: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#factor-7-beyond-the-purchase-support-training-and-lifecycle-value\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 7: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 - \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#references\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"understanding-the-heart-of-power-system-protection\">\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 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\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644 (\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644 (\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646) \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 <strong>\u0637\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \"\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\" \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&amp;#39 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-shift-from-single-phase-to-three-phase-testing\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 (AC) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636&#039;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"factor-1-output-capability-and-precision\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 1: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"current-and-voltage-channels-the-power-to-simulate\">\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f: \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629&#039;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631):<\/strong> \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 30 \u0623\u0648 60 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a):<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a 0-150 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (VTs). \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (VA):<\/strong> \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (VA)\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631&#039;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 100 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 VA \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"accuracy-and-resolution-the-foundation-of-trust\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 10 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 5%\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 9.5 \u064810.5 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 0.1% \u0623\u0648 0.2% \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&amp;#39\u061b<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"mce-item-table\" style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 30-100+ \u0623)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 15-30 \u0623)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (VA)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c &gt; 300 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c &gt; 50 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 (\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a (50\/60 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"factor-2-functional-versatility-across-relay-generations\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 2: \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u062d\u062b\u064a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"testing-electromechanical-relays\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0643. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&amp;#39 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637) \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628). \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 VA \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644&amp;#39\u060c \u0623\u0648 \"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621\".<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (TCC). \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"testing-modern-microprocessor-numerical-relays\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0634\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \"\u0646\u0643\u0647\u062a\u0647\". \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \"\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\" \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&#039;\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631&#039;\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\" \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"mce-item-table\" style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f (50\/51)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (TCC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 (21)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 (Mho\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 (87)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a (67)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (81)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (ROCOF)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"factor-3-the-intelligence-within-software-and-automation\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a - \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631&#039;\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-user-interface-from-complexity-to-clarity\">\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (UI) \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631&#039;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 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id=\"durability-surviving-the-real-world\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 IEC 61850<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 - \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 - \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\"\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: IEC 61850. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a <strong>\u0637\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-is-iec-61850\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 IEC 61850\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>IEC 61850 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GOOSE (\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629):<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645&#039;\u0628\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 GOOSE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629&amp;#39\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \"\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\" \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 GOOSE \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (SV \u0623\u0648 SMV):<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (CTs) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (VTs). \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \"\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c\" (MUs) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a SV \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"why-your-test-kit-must-be-iec-61850-native\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61850<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&#039;\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a GOOSE:<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 GOOSE \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644&amp;#39\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 MU \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u062c SV \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 IEC 61850 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629&amp;#39\u061b 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\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 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\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"the-importance-of-international-certifications\">\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629&#039;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 CE:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 CE \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LVD) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a (EMC). \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LVD) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a (EMC) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 ().<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0632\u0648 9001:<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0632\u0648 9001 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0632\u0648 9001 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645().<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 CAT (\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633):<\/strong> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a Megger\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 CAT (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c CAT IV 600V) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629&#039;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.megger.com\/en-us\/type\/electrical-insulation-testing\" rel=\"nofollow\">megger.com<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"factor-7-beyond-the-purchase-support-training-and-lifecycle-value\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 7: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 - \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629&#039;\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631:<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"calculating-the-total-cost-of-ownership-tco\">\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (TCO)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 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\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643. \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/three-phase-relay-test-kit-category\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644<\/a> \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"what-is-the-main-difference-between-a-three-phase-and-a-six-phase-relay-test-kit\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 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\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"how-often-should-i-test-my-protective-relays\">\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 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\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 IEC 61850. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-does-the-burden-of-a-relay-mean-and-why-is-it-important-for-testing\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \"\u0639\u0628\u0621\" \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 VA) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627\u064b 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\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 VA \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&#039;\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c. \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 VA \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"is-it-necessary-for-my-test-kit-to-be-compliant-with-the-iec-61850-standard\">\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 IEC 61850\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 IEC 61850. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a IEC 61850 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 GOOSE \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629) \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-is-secondary-injection-testing\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 (CTs) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (VTs) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644&amp;#39. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \"\u0628\u062d\u0642\u0646\" \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 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id=\"conclusion\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629&#039;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 IEC 61850 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract The operational integrity of modern electrical power systems is fundamentally reliant on the precise and dependable performance of protective relays. These devices function as the sentinels of the grid, tasked with detecting fault conditions and initiating the isolation of compromised sections to prevent cascading failures and widespread blackouts. This article examines the essential characteristics [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1811,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-company-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Expert Guide: 7 Key Factors for Selecting Three Phase Relay Test Kits in 2026 - Run Test<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China transformer test supplier, we provide Relay Protection Test, Resistance test, Circuit Breaker Test, and Partial Discharge Test for you with good price.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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