{"id":1579,"date":"2025-09-11T10:01:56","date_gmt":"2025-09-11T10:01:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/avoid-7-costly-errors-your-practical-2025-transformer-turns-ratio-tester-guide-article\/"},"modified":"2026-01-20T06:40:00","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T06:40:00","slug":"avoid-7-costly-errors-your-practical-2025-transformer-turns-ratio-tester-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/ar\/avoid-7-costly-errors-your-practical-2025-transformer-turns-ratio-tester-guide-article\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 7 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a 2025 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"abstract\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 (TTR) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"key-takeaways\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"table-of-contents\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#unpacking-the-core-principles-what-is-a-transformer-turns-ratio\">\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#the-diagnostic-instrument-understanding-the-transformer-turns-ratio-tester\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-1-disregarding-nameplate-data-and-vector-group-configurations\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 1: \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-2-neglecting-proper-test-connections-and-lead-integrity\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 2: \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-3-the-pitfall-of-misinterpreting-excitation-current\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 3: \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-4-overlooking-the-intricacies-of-tap-changers\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 4: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-5-performing-tests-in-unsuitable-environmental-conditions\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 5: \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-6-relying-on-an-uncalibrated-or-inappropriate-tester\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 6: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#error-7-the-perils-of-poor-data-management-and-failing-to-trend-results\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 7: \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#beyond-the-ratio-integrating-ttr-data-into-a-holistic-maintenance-strategy\">\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629: \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a TTR \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions-faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQ)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a 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\u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629:<\/strong> \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-mathematics-behind-the-measurement\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (HV) \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LV).<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064e\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (N) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 N = Np \/ Ns<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b Np \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648 Ns \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (V) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 V = Vp \/ Vs<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b Vp \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648Vs \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c N = V. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (IEEE)\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u00b1 0.5% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 (IEEE Std C57.12.90.2015). \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-diagnostic-instrument-understanding-the-transformer-turns-ratio-tester\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\"\u060c 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\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"error-1-disregarding-nameplate-data-and-vector-group-configurations\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 1: \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&amp;#39 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-sanctity-of-the-nameplate\">\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (HV) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LV). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 13,800 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \/ 480 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c Dyn11\u060c YNyn0\u060c Dd0) \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 (\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u064a) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0633\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631:<\/strong> \u0633\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 13800 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \/ 480 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a 13800 \/ 480 = 28.75. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u00b1 0.5%). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"demystifying-vector-groups\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627&#039;\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u060c \u0635\u060c \u0632):<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (HV). D = \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627\u060c Y = \u0648\u0627\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a)\u060c Z = \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u062c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062f\u060c \u0630\u060c \u0636):<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LV).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646&#039;\u0646&#039;:<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 Wye \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (\u0645\u0646 0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 11):<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629). \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 12 o&amp;#39\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \"1\" \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \"11\" \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 330 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 YNyn0 (\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629) \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 Dyn11 (\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"mce-item-table\" style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 LV<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u064a\u0646\u064a\u06460<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0648\u0627\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0648\u0627\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>Dd0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0648\u0627\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">-330 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 +30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>Yd1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0648\u0627\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">-30\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0627\u064a\u06465<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0648\u0627\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">-150\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627&#039;\u060c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643:<\/strong> \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d:<\/strong> \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 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\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a&#039;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635. \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-physics-of-a-bad-connection\">\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 TTR \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632. \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 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\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 (\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"a-step-by-step-guide-to-flawless-connections\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644:<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0643&#039;\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 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X:<\/strong> \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \"H\" \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (HV)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \"X\" \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (LV). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 H1 \u0648 H2 \u0648 H3 (\u0648 H0 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f) \u0648 X1 \u0648 X2 \u0648 X3 (\u0648 X0). \u0645\u0646 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 (A\u060c B\u060c C).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 (A \u0648 C) \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (B). \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 8.2 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 A)\u060c 7.5 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 B)\u060c 8.3 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 C) \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 (A-B\u060c B-C\u060c C-A). \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 8.2 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u06487.5 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 25.0 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 C\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 C. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 Wye \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 15-30% \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"mce-item-table\" style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u061b \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644)\u061b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d (SFRA).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u061b \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\/\u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621\u061b \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u061b \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align:left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0633\u062c\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 (\u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u064a).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a:<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645&#039;\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"error-4-overlooking-the-intricacies-of-tap-changers\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 4: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631. \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0647. \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629&#039;\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"de-energized-vs-on-load-tap-changers\">\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (DETC):<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637. \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 DETCs \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 (OLTC) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 (NLTC).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 (OLTC):<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 DETC\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 OLTC\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-error-of-incomplete-testing\">\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 - \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 3 \u0645\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 5) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0646 1 \u06489) \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 17 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064b\u0627 (8 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 (8 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u060c 1 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c 8 \u062e\u0641\u0636) \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 0.625% \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641:<\/strong> \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\".<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644:<\/strong> \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR. \u0633\u062c\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0631\u0631:<\/strong> \u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 OLTC.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"error-5-performing-tests-in-unsuitable-environmental-conditions\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 5: \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-influence-of-temperature\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0635\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 50 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (122 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0629) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (41 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-problem-with-moisture\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0637\u0628). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 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\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"error-6-relying-on-an-uncalibrated-or-inappropriate-tester\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 6: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641. \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-imperative-of-calibration\">\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 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\u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 0.3%. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 +0.4%. \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u00b1 0.5%\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 +0.1% \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 0.3%. \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 +0.7%\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643&#039;\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"choosing-the-right-tool-for-the-job\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0647\u0627) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0647\u0627). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-hallmarks-of-poor-data-management\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \"\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR: \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\" \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a&#039;\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"building-a-robust-data-management-system\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643:<\/strong> \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643) \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\" \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\" \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u0635\u0644 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\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 (\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\/\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0646:<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d (SFRA):<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 (DGA):<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644&#039;\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a) \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 DGA \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635:<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"frequently-asked-questions-faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"what-is-an-acceptable-percentage-error-for-a-ttr-test\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u00b1 0.5% \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 IEEE C57.12.00. \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 0.5% \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"why-is-my-transformer-turns-ratio-tester-showing-a-fail-result\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \"\u0641\u0634\u0644\"\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \"\u0641\u0634\u0644\" \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"can-i-test-a-transformer-while-it-is-online\">\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-is-the-difference-between-a-ttr-test-and-a-winding-resistance-test\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636: \u064a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"how-often-should-i-perform-a-transformer-turns-ratio-test\">\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 (\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-does-the-phase-angle-measurement-on-a-ttr-tester-tell-me\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 TTR\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 (\u0623\u0648 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f. \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"why-are-my-excitation-current-readings-different-on-each-phase-of-a-three-phase-transformer\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 A \u0648 C) \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 B). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \"\u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627\" \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 A \u0648 C \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 B \u0623\u0642\u0644) \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"a-final-perspective-on-diligence-in-diagnostics\">\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0646\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"references\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/products\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/products\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract The operational integrity of power transformers is fundamental to the stability of electrical grids. A key diagnostic procedure for assessing transformer health is the measurement of the turns ratio. A transformer turns ratio tester (TTR) is the specialized instrument used for this purpose, verifying the voltage relationship between the transformer&#39;s windings. This document provides [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1588,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-company-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Avoid 7 Costly Errors: Your Practical 2025 Transformer Turns Ratio Tester Guide - Run Test<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China transformer test supplier, we provide Relay Protection Test, Resistance test, Circuit Breaker Test, and Partial Discharge Test for you with good price.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voltage-tester.com\/ar\/avoid-7-costly-errors-your-practical-2025-transformer-turns-ratio-tester-guide-article\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avoid 7 Costly Errors: Your Practical 2025 Transformer Turns Ratio Tester Guide - 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